From Jevons to Khazzoom-Brookes: Why energy efficiency alone won’t lead to sustainability

Ignas Mikalauskas; Darius Karaša

doi:10.63775/hk5d1t79

Authors

Ignas Mikalauskas Klaipėda University Author https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-0900
Darius Karaša Lithuanian Energy Institute Author https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3107-9838

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.63775/hk5d1t79

Keywords:

Jevons Paradox, Khazzoom-Brookes Postulate, energy efficiency, rebound effect, renewable energy, sustainability policy, energy sufficiency

Abstract

Energy efficiency is extensively advocated as a fundamental sustainability strategy; nevertheless, historical and empirical evidence indicates that improvements in efficiency frequently result in heightened energy use instead of absolute reductions. The Jevons Paradox, further elaborated as the Khazzoom-Brookes Postulate, manifests when reduced energy expenses lead to increased consumption across individual, industrial, and macroeconomic levels. Rebound effects occur in transportation, manufacturing, and digital technologies, where improvements in efficiency often lead to increased overall energy consumption. This analysis investigates the extent to which these dynamics apply to the renewable energy transition, wherein efficiency improvements in solar, wind, and battery storage frequently result in heightened power demand instead of equivalent fossil fuel displacement.

Author Biographies

Ignas Mikalauskas, Klaipėda University

Ignas Mikalauskas is a senior researcher at Klaipėda University, Faculty of Marine Technology and Natural Sciences. His work explores the interplay between energy economics, technological change, and sustainability, with a particular focus on rebound effects, the Jevons paradox, and post-growth energy policy. His research examines the limitations of energy efficiency as a stand-alone strategy and advocates for integrated approaches that include energy sufficiency and systemic demand-side interventions. Dr. Mikalauskas has published on energy transitions, behavioral responses to efficiency gains, and the socio-economic dimensions of renewable energy deployment.
Darius Karaša, Lithuanian Energy Institute

Darius Karasa, MSc, is a PhD student of Economics at the Laboratory of Energy Systems Research, Lithuanian Energy Institute. His research focuses on the topic of his dissertation “Evaluation of Investments in the Use of Renewable Energy Sources for Energy Production Using the Theory of Financial Saturation”.

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